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    Microencapsulation of Thymus fontanesii extracts in pectin/casein : characterization, release behavior and storage stability
    (Springer, 2021) Mebarki, Noudjoub; Ziane, Hanifa; Fazouane, Fethia; Nabiev, Mohamed
    The present study aims to enhance the stability of Thymus fontanesii essential oil (TEO) and its main component thymol, and to prolong their release from encapsulation in pectin/casein matrix using complex coacervation and dried by freeze methods. Encapsulation efficiency, structural, physical and thermal properties of the microcapsules were determined. Storage stability of free and microencapsulated thyme extracts was evaluated and the controlled release kinetics of microcapsules in simulated gastrointestinal fluids were studied. Respectively, the successes of TEO and thymol encapsulation were confirmed by FTIR and X-ray diffraction analyses with encapsulation efficiency of 91.85 ± 1.35% and 93.66 ± 1.13%. The particle size ranged from 4.47 to 517.20 μm, presented a good thermal resistance and irregular shapes with rough surface. Prolonged release of the extracts from microcapsules was demonstrated with Higuchi behavior in gastric fluids while for simulated intestinal fluid, the non-Fickian transport was the main release mechanism. The microencapsulation of thyme extracts enhanced its thermal stability and proved that the thyme extracts were effectively well protected in microcapsules after a long time storage. The use of pectin/casein has shown good performance as a biodegradable matrix for protection and storage of thyme extracts, prolonging their storage stability and release. Therefore, these microcapsules can be useful ingredients for both food and pharmaceutical new products, to prolong bioavailability of bioactive compounds and to improve their thermal and storage stability
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    Effectiveness of Treatments with Thymol in Controlling Varroa Destructor Parasite of The Honey Bee in Algeria
    (2016) Adjlane, Noureddine; Jamal Haddad, Nizar; Ounesse, Tarek
    Varroa disease is a parasitic disease of adult bees and brood, due to a blood-sucking external parasitic mite, Varroa destructor. This is one of the most dangerous diseases in Algeria. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of two treatments approved based thymol (Thymovar® and Apiguard®) in the fight against varroa in Algerian conditions and to determine the side effects of these treatments on bee colonies local Apis mellifera intermissa. The test was performed on 80 colonies with two different formulations for each treatment. As the results show in our test, a wide variation in the effectiveness between colonies is recorded for both treatments. The average efficiency for the group of colonies ½ Thymovar strap in two applications stood at 84.43%. This efficiency is lower for the group ½ straps in one application (77.23%). For Apiguard, the average efficiency is 81% for formulation 2 x 25g spaced two weeks, against a 79% rate for the formulation of 2X25 spaced one week. During our tests, with a few dead bees and nymphs found on nappies, we never recorded unusually high bee mortality. Further tests are needed to determine the optimal dose and the best time for treatment.
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    Studies on the essential oil composition and antimicrobial activity of Thymus algeriensis Boiss
    (International Journal of Aromatherapy, 2006) Dob, T.; Dahmane, D.; Benabdelkader, T.; Chelghoum, C.
    Many species of Thymus have been widely used in Algerian folk medicine as astringent, expectorant and cicatrising agents. This study was designed to investigate for the first time the essential oil of the aerial parts of wild growing Thymus algeriensis endemic in North Africa. The volatile oil obtained by hydrodistillation was characterized by the physico-chemical properties, GC and GC/MS techniques. The yield of the oil was 1.13% (w/w), based on dry weight. Fifty-five components, representing 94.3% of the total oil, were identified. The oil was distinguished by its high content of oxygenated monoterpenes (79.5%) and was found to possess the following major components: linalool (47.3%), thymol (29.2%) and p-cymene (6.8%). Furthermore, the oil was tested for antimicrobial activity against four bacteria, two fungi and two yeasts. This oil exhibited a significant in vitro antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis (MIC = 0.5 μL/mL), as well as against all yeast and all filamentous fungi tested (MIC = 0.5 and 1.0 μL/mL). © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved