3D numerical analysis of MHD‐assisted forced convection and entropy generation in a porous heated tube using ternary nano‐fluids

Abstract

This study presents a numerical investigation of magnetohydrodynamic forced convection and entropy generation in a uniformly heated horizontal tube flled with porous media, using binary (Al2O3–TiO2/Water-EG) and ternary (Al2O3–TiO2–CNT/ Water-EG) hybrid nano-fuids. The fow and thermal felds are modeled using the fnite volume method with single-phase and thermal-equilibrium assumptions. The analysis is conducted for a Reynolds number of 750, nanoparticle volume concentration of 6%, Darcy numbers ranging from 10⁻ 4 to 10⁻ , and Hartmann numbers between 10 and 40, under two magnetic feld orientations (0° and 90°). The results demonstrate that reducing the Darcy number signifcantly enhances heat transfer, with the binary hybrid nano-fuid achieving up to a 105.36% improvement. Additionally, applying the magnetic feld parallel to the fow (0°) leads to further enhancement, particularly for the ternary hybrid nano-fuid. In contrast, when the magnetic feld is perpendicular (90°), its infuence on thermal performance is negligible. This study highlights the synergistic efects of nanoparticle composition, magnetic feld orientation, and porous media structure, ofering new insights into optimizing nano-fuid-based thermal systems for enhanced energy efciency.